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Hawaiian tropical dry forests
The Hawaiian tropical dry forests are a tropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. They cover an area of on the leeward side of the main islands and the summits of Niihau and Kahoolawe. These forests are either seasonal or sclerophyllous.〔 Annual rainfall is less than and may be as low as ; the rainy season lasts from November to March. Dominant tree species include koa (''Acacia koa''), koaia (''A. koaia''), akoko (''Euphorbia'' spp.), ōhia lehua (''Metrosideros polymorpha''), lonomea (''Sapindus oahuensis''), māmane (''Sophora chrysophylla''), loulu (''Pritchardia'' spp.), lama (''Diospyros sandwicensis''), olopua (''Nestegis sandwicensis''), wiliwili (''Erythrina sandwicensis''), and iliahi (''Santalum'' spp.). Endemic plant species in the dry forests include hau heleula (''Kokia cookei''), uhiuhi (''Caesalpinia kavaiensis''), and ''Gouania'' spp. The palila (''Loxioides bailleui''), a Hawaiian honeycreeper, is restricted to this type of habitat.〔
==Prehistoric dry forests==
The plant composition of Hawaii's dry forests has changed rather dramatically since the arrival of Polynesians, excluding the deliberate introduction of non-native species.〔 Fossilized pollen has shown that loulu (''Pritchardia'' spp.) forests with an understory of Ka palupalu o Kanaloa (''Kanaloa kahoolawensis'') and aalii (''Dodonaea viscosa'') existed on the islands' leeward lowlands from at least before 1210 B.C. until 1565 A.D. Populations of loulu and aalii still exist in diminished form, while only two Ka palupalu o Kanaloa specimens have ever been seen in the wild.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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